Figure 1 – Biased-differential relay scheme. Pipeline ADC: It is same as that of two step Flash ADC. This is shown in figure 4. Figure 3 shows these errors stacked to together to form a single slope characteristic. Granular soils with higher void sizes like sand, allow better water movement than compact soils with smaller void sizes like clay. Consider the figure below. Differential protection in a transformer provides superior protection against: Today’s Agenda • Provide you with information to promote a safer, more cost efficient operation. Thus Differential Protection will operate if the Slope is greater than some fixed value which is set in the Differential Protection Relay. To provide security for higher levels of through-current where CT errors reach up to 10%, a second slope is introduced forming a dual slope characteristic. 3. A column-parallel dual-gain single-slope ADC comprises an input for receiving a signal V in, a sample-and-hold stage which receives V in and outputs sampled signal V in,samp, a comparator, a counter, and a ramp generator which generates high-gain (HG) and low-gain (LG) ramps, with the ratio of the LG ramp slope to the HG ramp slope being greater than 1. In this simplified representation, two assumptions are made. Dual Slope ADC: It have high accuracy but very slow in operation. These conveyors operate by dragging or scraping a bulk solid through a trough utilizing the flight “paddle” to provide the movement. In a digital current differential relay it is possible to enhance the adaptive restraint concept beyond The dual slope restraint characteristic of Figure 5 is a form of adaptive restraint in which the ma g-nitude of the restraint quantity is increased for high current conditions where CT accuracy is worse and CT saturation becomes more probable. More specifically, the low band pilot (e.g. The ramp type DVM (single slope) is very simple yet has several drawbacks. The effectiveness of these circuits was verified by experimental results, which agree well with the theoretical analyses. • Topics covered to include: • Performance and carrying capacity. The percentage restraint characteristic operates on the ratio of operate-to-restraint current in the zone of protection. Clearance must be accurate (to.000001 inch or .0000254 mm) between the rotating and stationary surfaces, and lubrication fills that tiny gap. This preview shows page 2 - 3 out of 8 pages. ALD500R-50QE: Description PRECISION INTEGRATING ANALOG PROCESSOR WITH PRECISION VOLTAGE REFERENCE: Download 12 Pages: Scroll/Zoom: 100% Finally, this study also presents a dual mode operation PWM circuit to extend the application of the reported voltage-controlled dual slope operation square/triangular wave generator. In phase I the integrating capacitor CF is charged for a predetermined period of time T1. The low-impedance operating principle is enhanced by the use of the Saturation Detector and a Dual slope lasers give you the option to induce a grade in both axes giving you a compound grade. By counting the time T2, a digital representation of IIN can thus be Dual Slope A/D Converters. Delta-Sigma ADC: It has high resolution but slow due to over sampling. Fundamental Principles Behind the Sigma-Delta ADC Topology: Part 1. by Michael Clifford Download PDF. Principles of Exterior Drainage — Quick Review 3 Soil Function Soil acts as a pervious medium that provides passageways for water to move into the subsurface.The passage of water depends greatly upon the size of the voids in the soil structure. Keywords: Time to digital conversion, Vernier delay line, DLL. • Review external factors (type of material, amount of near size in the material, shape of material). Sliding scale principle ... An integrating ADC (also dual-slope or multi-slope ADC) applies the unknown input voltage to the input of an integrator and allows the voltage to ramp for a fixed time period (the run-up period). Principles of Screening and Sizing. The correct temperature may be obtained by using a disposable thermocouple. In addition to giving you a read on level and grade, many models give you the vertical alignment and plumb. the channel 4 video carrier) is monitored and detected at the amplifier output. This E-Slope adjustment simply corrects the ratio by a constant which corrects the instrument indication for the unequal spectral emissivities of the target. 4. Then a known voltage of the opposite polarity is applied and allowed to run back down to zero. Its ability to give a good and accurate results, high stability at the low cost, and an excellent rejection of interference (eg. Under normal operating conditions, the curve has a plateau with a small slope and a length of several hundred volts. The biased-differential relay consists of two windings, an operate winding with turns N o and a restraint, or bias, winding with turns N B. When viewing the molten metal, the E-Slope adjustment is turned until the instrument reads the correct metal temperature. Presented By: George Schlemmer. When the fault occurs the fuses blow out and the fault current flows through the relay coils and operate the protection system. Conceptually, the multi-slope run-up algorithm is allowed to operate continuously. This is the basic working principle of a transformer differential protection relay. The slope characteristic provides high sensitivity when low levels of current are flowing in the zone of protection but has less sensitivity when high levels of current are flowing and false differential current due to current transformer (CT) saturation is more likely. The dual-slope are very precise, but slow converters that use counters to generate the output. The auto-zero phase The integration phase The de-integration phase All the phases. 2. To date, incremental data converters are generally used with a high OSR in applica- tions where a high accuracy and low offset are required [1]–[3], and there has been some work to reduce this OSR with a hy-brid architecture [4]. Differential protection offers fast and reliable protection of critical asset such as a transformer. Functional diagram of Dual slope ADC. ALD500R-50QE Datasheet(PDF) 2 Page - Advanced Linear Devices: Part No. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] By using the principle of the dual-slope integral ADC, voltage can be accurately measured. What is integrating type converter?Explain the operation of dual slope ADC: An ADC converter that perform conversion in an indirect manner by first changing the analog I/P signal to a linear function of time or frequency and then to a digital code is known as integrating type A/D converter. As its name suggests, this converter has 2 phases, the first where a voltage ramps up with a certain slope, and the second where the same voltage ramps down with a different slope. The seal is commonly made of hardened steel a bronze, ceramic, or carbon. Thus, the proposed topologies provide a new choice for electronic engineers, … ... A DC-DC buck converter operates in continuous conduction mode. The dual slope techniques eliminate the sensitivities and hence the mostly implemented approach in DVMs. The slope, or tilt exhibited by the amplifier about the low portion of its passband is automatically adjusted and maintained by feedback action. Dual converters are ideal that means they produce pure DC output terminals without containing any ripples. What phase/s of the conversion process takes place in a fixed time interval? The dual slope ADC circuit is shown in the figure below. Dual slope ADCs are accurate but not terribly fast. V s is the voltage which produces pulses that are larger than the discriminator setting and are counted by the scaler. The principle way they convert analog to digital values is by using an integrator. Differential protection is also used in protecting other high value assets such as medium voltage motors, reactors, switchgear etc. As explained in the Theory of Operation section, the relay uses a dual-slope dual-breakpoint differential characteristic with the restraint signal created as the maximum among the magnitudes of the circuit connected to the protected bus. Incremental data converters operate on a similar principle to modulators but are reset periodically. It has 48 V input voltage, and it feeds a resistive load of 24 Ω. power-line), for applications where speed is less required makes it quite relevant for this thesis. Dual slope conversion is very much preferred in precise digital multi-meters, and also in 10-bit to 18-bit conversion modules. 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