[33], Before Mississippi's admission to statehood on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama Territory. From July 5 to August 2, 1819, delegates met to prepare the new state constitution. December 14 - A Presidential Pardon For Julian Assange? [57] The state legislature passed additional racial segregation laws related to public facilities into the 1950s: jails were segregated in 1911; hospitals in 1915; toilets, hotels, and restaurants in 1928; and bus stop waiting rooms in 1945. The record low of −27 °F (−33 °C) occurred on January 30, 1966, in New Market. [57] Nearly all African Americans had lost the ability to vote. [16] Experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. [143] A majority of people in the state identify as Evangelical Protestant. In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County for a 4.65 billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility. [244][245], Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE),[246] the Council on Occupational Education (COE),[247] and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS). [238] The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees. [134] Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination. Last week's posts at Moon of Alabama:. The first structure burned down in 1849, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851. [35][36], What is now the counties of Baldwin and Mobile became part of Spanish West Florida in 1783, part of the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810, and was finally added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. [110] Invertebrates include 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. Together use of these systems has increased the number of African Americans and women being elected to local offices, resulting in governments that are more representative of their citizens. During Reconstruction, state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 which created the state's first public school system and expanded women's rights. There has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution. Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. [194][195][failed verification], The state is home to various attractions, natural features, parks and events that attract visitors from around the globe, notably the annual Hangout Music Festival, held on the public beaches of Gulf Shores; the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, one of the ten largest Shakespeare festivals in the world;[196] the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, a collection of championship caliber golf courses distributed across the state; casinos such as Victoryland; amusement parks such as Alabama Splash Adventure; the Riverchase Galleria, one of the largest shopping centers in the southeast; Guntersville Lake, voted the best lake in Alabama by Southern Living Magazine readers;[197] and the Alabama Museum of Natural History, the oldest museum in the state. In 1984, under the Davis–Strong Act, the state legislature established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. The last remaining statewide Democrat, who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission was defeated in 2012.[231][232][233]. Three native species have possibly been extirpated from the state. This is the Wetumpka crater, the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster". [131] Many people in Alabama claim Irish ancestry because of the term Scots-Irish but, based on historic immigration and settlement, their ancestors were more likely Protestant Scots-Irish coming from the northern province of Ulster, where they had been for a few generations as part of the English colonization. An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant "Here We Rest". [224] Property taxes are the lowest in the U.S. Description The Central Zone is all waters draining into the Columbia River from Bonneville Dam up to and including the Deschutes River. [132] The Scots-Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution, and many settled in the South, later moving into the Deep South as it was developed.[133]. In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. The Port of Mobile was ranked 12th by tons of traffic in the United States during 2009. Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S., with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in some parts of the state. [8], Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. The numbers dropped even more in later decades. Ports by Tons of Traffic: 2009", "U.S. Waterborne Container Traffic by Port/Waterway in 2011 (Loaded and Empty TEUS)", Alabama State Guide, from the Library of Congress, Your Not So Ordinary Alabama Tourist Guide, Alabama Department of Archives and History, USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alabama, cities with populations exceeding 100,000, Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Spanish involvement in the American Revolutionary War, Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador), Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua), Indigenous people during De Soto's travels, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama&oldid=1001946347, States and territories established in 1819, States of the Gulf Coast of the United States, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014, Articles with dead external links from May 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017, Articles with failed verification from September 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1999, Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Which States Tax the Sale of Food for Home Consumption in 2009? South Alabama reports many thunderstorms. Retrieved March 10, 2008", "Baker V. Carr and Legislative Apportionments: A Problem of Standards", "September 2, 1963: Gov. [12], According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Identification Guide. [171], Alabama has no minimum wage and in February 2016 passed legislation preventing municipalities from setting one. [215] This judicial authority was removed in April 2017.[218]. One result was that Jefferson County, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Reconstruction in Alabama ended in 1874, when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence. Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie" and the "Cotton State". Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening of the early 19th century, when preachers proselytized across the South. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the county commission. By 1941 more Whites than Blacks had been disenfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000. This area has attracted an influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam during the 1970s and thereafter. Also, the Barber Motorsports Park has hosted IndyCar Series and Rolex Sports Car Series races. [93], The state is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) under the Koppen Climate Classification. [250], Major newspapers include Birmingham News, Mobile Press-Register, and Montgomery Advertiser.[251]. Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish single-member districts that enable a more diverse representation among county boards. [184] In July 2013, the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches (51 mm) per year. A great deal of Alabama's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people. Minimum 3 pts on one side. In many jurisdictions, they continued to be excluded from representation by at-large electoral systems, which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections. [135], The state government has promoted recognition of Native American contributions to the state, including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day. [14] The suggestion that "Alabama" was borrowed from the Choctaw language is unlikely. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December besides the typically severe spring. Alabama (/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state in the Deep South region of the Southern United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Governor George Wallace, the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation. In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas, a state which has a population five times larger. [50] On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union. [54] The same year, legislation was approved that called for racially segregated schools. Since the 1980s judicial campaigns have become increasingly politicized. According to U.S. Census data (2000), Alabama's high school graduation rate (75%) is the fourth lowest in the U.S. (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi). The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. The lesser coat of arms of France as used by the, List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union, Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast, Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Alabama, Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America, influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, List of colleges and universities in Alabama, University of Alabama School of Dentistry, Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, Association for Biblical Higher Education, Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools, List of professional sports teams in Alabama, Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport, "Elevations and Distances in the United States", "A look at the languages spoken in Alabama and the drop in the Spanish speaking population", "Alabama's largest county looks to continue economic development momentum", "Alabama Occupational Projections 2008–2018", "Southeastern Indian Place Names in what is now Alabama", "Alabama Historical Association Marker Program: Washington County", "The Pine Barrens Speculation and Yazoo Land Fraud", "Old Cahawba, Alabama's first state capital, 1820 to 1826", Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama, State Bird of Alabama, Yellowhammer, "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865)", "Reconstruction in Alabama: A Quick Summary", "The Rosenwald School Building Fund and Associated Buildings MPS", "Great Migration | African-American history", "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1920", "George Mason University, United States Election Project: Alabama Redistricting Summary. The Western Bluebird nest (left) is a collection of fine grasses and sometimes include a feather or two, leaves and thin bark. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1970s. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. [162] Alabama, and the southeastern U.S. in general, has one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country, exceeding 10% of adults. Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee, an Iroquoian language people; and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama (Alibamu), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Koasati. [64] Heavy industry and mining were the basis of its economy. [117], According to the 2010 Census, Alabama had a population of 4,779,736. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto). Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2% from the previous year. Wells Fargo has a regional headquarters, an operations center campus, and a $400 million data center in Birmingham. It has a fairly shallow cup with, if your lucky, up to seven pale blue eggs. This has resulted in more proportional representation for voters. Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). (A Birmingham city ordinance would have raised theirs to $10.10. Kay Ivey signs bill: Judges can no longer override juries in death penalty cases", "Comparison of State and Local Retail Sales Taxes", "Reducing Alabama's Income Tax on Working-Poor Families: Two Options". This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than sixty years. [22] The state has numerous place names of Native American origin. In another form of proportional representation, 23 jurisdictions use limited voting, as in Conecuh County. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length intentionally codify segregation and racism. Most of what is now the northern two-thirds of Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands beginning during the British colonial period. The state's general sales tax rate is 4%. In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America. See Exceptions where use of bait is allowed. It is headed by the governor of Alabama. [32][33], Thomas Bassett, a loyalist to the British monarchy during the Revolutionary era, was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile. Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County. [222] Alabama's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes.[222]. He settled in the Tombigbee District during the early 1770s. [55], While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting, the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well, due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, "a minority of about 25% of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature. [97] Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities since 1950 than any other state. [242], The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that public schools had to be desegregated, but Alabama was slow to comply. Statewide officials, such as the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and other constitutional officers, take office the following January. Many smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham area, including ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Animal Track Identification Guide. Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects, although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation. Telecommunications provider AT&T, formerly BellSouth, has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}32°46′46″N 86°49′43″W / 32.7794°N 86.8287°W / 32.7794; -86.8287 (State of Alabama), This article is about the U.S. state. In 1961, ... the Alabama legislature also intentionally diluted the effect of the black vote by instituting numbered place requirements for local elections.[66]. [161] Residents of the state, along with those in five other states, were least likely in the nation to be physically active during leisure time. The state is usually ranked among the top in nation for its range of overall biodiversity. [181], Steel producers Outokumpu, Nucor, SSAB, ThyssenKrupp, and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama and employ more than 10,000 people. In the past, their self-identification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black. Only three Republican lieutenant governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction, when Republicans generally represented Reconstruction government, including the newly emancipated freedmen who had gained the franchise. At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words, it is by some accounts the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the United States Constitution.[207][208][209][210]. [16] The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540: Garcilaso de la Vega used Alibamo, while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively, in transliterations of the term. [188][189] The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States. [65], Beginning in the 1940s, when the courts started taking the first steps to recognize the voting rights of black voters, the Alabama legislature took several counter-steps designed to disfranchise black voters. [92] In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth. Identification Guide. [157][158][159], The first community of adherents of the Baháʼí Faith in Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy, who moved from Chicago to Fairhope. These include the eastern indigo snake, southern hognose snake and the mimic glass lizard. [99], Alabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna in habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley, Appalachian Plateau, and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the north to the Piedmont, Canebrake, and Black Belt of the central region to the Gulf Coastal Plain and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico in the south. [222] Alabama is one of seven states that levy a tax on food at the same rate as other goods, and one of two states (the other being neighboring Mississippi) which fully taxes groceries without any offsetting relief for low-income families. [55] Railroad passenger cars were segregated in 1891. The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature, a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate, with 35 members. The state has officially recognized nine American Indian tribes in the state, descended mostly from the Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast. )[223], Alabama's income tax on poor working families is among the highest in the U.S.[222] Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600, which is barely one-quarter the federal poverty line. [13] Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou.[16][17][18][19]. Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and even hurricanes. In 1874, the political coalition of white Democrats known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the black vote through violence, fraud and intimidation. [156] The four temples within a ten-mile radius of Bayou La Batre, include Chua Chanh Giac, Wat Buddharaksa, and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan. [153][154], There are six Dharma centers and organizations for Theravada Buddhists. The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile, both founded in 1830. [78], Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with 52,419 square miles (135,760 km2) of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States. [261] The state's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf of Mexico. [118] In 2011, 46.6% of Alabama's population younger than age 1 were minorities. [59], Continued racial discrimination and lynchings, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans from rural Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the Great Migration out of the South. They often donated land and labor as well. Congress. [45] Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South, the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction of what came to be known as Rosenwald Schools. [256], Legion Field is home for the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl. Reynolds Farley, "The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?". "The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution. These counties include Dallas, Lowndes, Marengo and Perry. [67] Cotton and other cash crops faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. Members of the nine seats on the Supreme Court of Alabama[230] and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office. Together, 1,496 individual schools provide education for 744,637 elementary and secondary students.[237]. This figure refers to only the number of students paddled, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be higher. The majority of Republican sheriffs have been elected in the more urban/suburban and heavily populated counties. [200], In 2018, Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was the state's top event, producing the most tourists with an attendance of 892,811. [146], In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels. Shop our selection of 2015-2021 Mustang Engine Parts. The MoA Week In Review - OT 2020-100. Construction of an Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile was formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County, outside the town of Jemison. [165] However, on October 29, 2019, U.S. District Judge Myron Thompson blocked the law from taking effect. Despite numerous legal challenges which succeeded in overturning certain provisions, the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement. The legislature passed, and the voters ratified [as these were mostly white voters], a state constitutional amendment that gave local registrars greater latitude to disqualify voter registration applicants. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates. [170] This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4%. 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