These activities involve national and international scholars in residence, as well as international connections with colleagues around the world, such as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, Thailand, and Venezuela, among others. Celles-ci, en retour, peuvent être traduites par des modalités caring-healing professionnelles basées sur une ontologie. Mme Levert voudrait retrouver un niveau d’autonomie optimal. Jean Watson’s “Theory of Human Caring ” focuses on how nurses care for their patients, and how the act of caring relationships and healing promotes better health than simple medical cures (Watson, 2009). It is defined as a high level of overall physical, mental, and social functioning; a general adaptive-maintenance level of daily functioning; and the absence of illness, or the presence of efforts leading to the absence of illness. [Watson (2000) nous rappelle qu’être caring c’est aussi être vulnérable. Watson’s rich and varied knowledge of philosophy, the arts, the human sciences, and traditional science and traditions, joined with her prolific ability to communicate, has enabled professionals in many disciplines to share and recognize her work. Watson’s model makes seven assumptions: (1) Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally. Watson’s Philosophy and Science of Caring is concerned on how nurses express care to their patients. Thus, the quality of care offered by the nurse is enhanced. 12C’est le 6 juillet, je suis assignée au chevet de Madame Levert, une jeune femme de 25 ans, nouvellement mariée, qui nous est transférée pour une tétraplégie complète suite à une lésion médullaire au niveau C4, causée par un accident de plongeon, survenu en juin dernier. » Son commentaire me touche et je lui demande de clarifier (PCC#5). Instruments for Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Health Sciences (2002). Elle me dit « les gens me respectaient avant, mais depuis l’accident j’ai bien peur que l’on ne me respectera plus ». de vos expériences de vie ? 14Alors que j’exécute un cathétérisme vésical (PCC#9), elle me dit « Regarde-moi, je ne peux même plus me débrouiller toute seule ! Ogechi Iwuanyanwu, Patrece Murray, Nicole Sargent, Valerie Walker ; March 27, 2015 ; Advanced Theoretical Perspectives for Nursing ; Colleen Marzilli, MSN, PhD. According to Watson (1997), the core of the Theory of Caring is that “humans cannot be treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature, and the larger workforce.” Her theory encompasses the whole world of nursing; with the emphasis placed on the interpersonal process between the care giver and care recipient. In 1988, her theory was published in “nursing: human science and human care”. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. “The systematic use of the scientific problem solving method for decision making” became “systematic use of a creative problem solving caring process” (in 2004 Watson website), “Creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in the artistry of caring-healing practices”, 7. Développer et maintenir une relation thérapeutique d’aide et de confiance avec Mme Levert et sa famille (PCC#4) Faciliter, chez Mme Levert et sa famille, l’expression de sentiments positifs et négatifs en ce qui concerne la tétraplégie et sa réadaptation (PCC#5) Créer un environnement de guérison à tous les niveaux (aussi bien physique que non physique) qui favorisent la guérison, le confort et la dignité humaine de Mme Levert (PCC#8) Être authentiquement présente, faciliter et maintenir le système de croyances profondes de Mme Levert et sa famille (par exemple, les aider à croire en leurs forces et potentiel en lien avec l’évolution de la réadaptation) (PCC#2) S’engager, avec Mme Levert et sa famille, dans une expérience d’enseignement-apprentissage authentique afin de répondre à leurs besoins de réadaptation, tout en respectant leurs rythmes (PCC#7) Assister, en partenariat avec Mme Levert et sa famille, à répondre à ses besoins de base (élimination, réalisation, actualisation de soi, etc.) Since we started in 2010, Nurseslabs has become one of the most trusted nursing sites helping thousands of aspiring nurses achieve their goals. The higher order psychosocial needs or integrative needs include the need for achievement, and affiliation. Sans cette vulnérabilité, nous devenons mécaniques et détachés dans nos vies, notre travail et nos rapports humains]. Start studying Theory of Human Caring: Jean Watson. Allant au-delà de l’évaluation objective, ce type de relation décrit comment l’infirmière démontre un intérêt pour la compréhension subjective et profonde de la signification donnée par la personne en regard de son état de santé (Watson, 2006). Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring is one example of a nursing theory. Caring is the essence of nursing and connotes responsiveness between the nurse and the person; the nurse co-participates with the person. Next in line are the lower-order psychophysical needs or functional needs. Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring is a grand theory that adds to the existential side of nursing. Higher Order Intrapersonal-Interpersonal Need or Growth-seeking Need. Finally, the evaluation analyzes the data, interprets the results, and may lead to an additional hypothesis. Watson has authored 11 books, shared in authorship of six books, and has written countless articles in nursing journals. [Je trouve difficile d’imaginer que les gens peuvent manquer de respect à une personne humaine parce qu’elle est différente ! Jean Watson defines caring as a science. Watson, J. Jean Watson ardently and quickly progressed through her nursing education earning her bachelor’s degree in nursing in 1964, a master of science in nursing in psychiatric and mental health nursing in 1966, and a Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling in 1973, all from the University of Colorado at Boulder. La santé, explique Watson (1988), réfère également à l’harmonie ou l’équilibre de l’espritcorpsâme chez la personne et est aussi liée au niveau de la cohérence entre le soi perçu (par exemple, Madame Levert perçoit qu’elle a gagné un peu d’autonomie depuis le début de sa réadaptation), par rapport à un idéal (par exemple, Madame Levert désire un congé de fin de semaine à domicile), et le soi vécu (par exemple, la famille de Madame Levert constate que son autonomie s’améliore). Watson’s suggestion of purely “caring” without giving much attention to technological machinery cannot be solely applied but then her statement is praiseworthy because she dealt with the importance of the nurse-patient interaction rather than a practice confined with technology. [Ceci est un exemple de ce que veut dire Watson en parlant de la mutualité dans la relation de caring transpersonnelle]. The Theory of Human Caring, which also has been reffered to as the Theory of Transpersonal Caring, is middle range explanatory theory. Watson states that she is “attempting to integrate these wounds into my life and work. In this book, she leads the reader through thought-provoking experiences and the sacredness of nursing by emphasizing deep inner reflection and personal growth, communication skills, use of self-transpersonal growth, and attention to both caring science and healing through forgiveness, gratitude, and surrender. . D’après Mme Levert, sa vie n’a plus de sens. Retrieved November 28, 2013, from https://watsoncaringscience.org/about-us/jean-bio/. In 1992, the University of Colorado School of Nursing honored Watson as a distinguished professor of nursing. As carative factors evolved within an expanding perspective, and as her ideas and values evolved, Watson offered a translation of the original carative factors into clinical caritas processes that suggested open ways in which they could be considered. Watson’s theoretical concepts, such as use of self, patient-identified needs, the caring process, and the spiritual sense of being human, may help nurses and their patients to find meaning and harmony during a period of increasing complexity. Intervention is the implementation of the care plan and data collection. From 1983 to 1990, she was Dean of University of Colorado School of Nursing and Associate Director of Nursing Practice at University Hospital. De plus, le lecteur peut aussi se référer au tableau 3 pour l’exemple d’un processus de soins utilisant la théorie de Watson (adapté de Cara, 1999, 2003 ; Cara & Gagnon, 2000). 3) Le caring est démontré et pratiqué de façon interpersonnelle et transpersonnelle. Although the theory does not lend itself easily to research conducted through traditional scientific methods, recent qualitative nursing approaches are appropriate. C.C., Inf. La notion d’idéal moral, pour Watson (1988, 2006), invite l’infirmière à préserver, notamment, la dignité humaine. Cependant, je ne peux pas faire cette supposition sans échanger avec elle au sujet de ses perceptions et sentiments se rapportant à son expérience vécue (PCC#3, PCC#5, PCC#10). (n.d.). Although Watson’s human caring theory describes the phenomenon of health care provider-patient relationships, its use in palliative care is limited. Nous semblons déjà avoir une affinité réciproque (PCC#4) [moment de caring]. Watson considered using nontechnical, sophisticated, fluid, and evolutionary language to artfully describe her concepts, such as caring-love, carative factors, and Caritas. Watson describes two personal life-altering events that contributed to her writing. Literature reviews demonstrate that Watson's Human Caring Theory is widely used to guide nursing education, practice, and research internationally [3,4]. Intervention is the implementation of the care plan and data collection. Ainsi, le champ phénoménal se compose de « sentiments, sensations physiques, pensées, croyances spirituelles, buts, espérances, considérations environnementales et significations de ses propres perceptions – tous ces éléments sont basés sur le passé de la personne, son moment présent et un avenir tel qu’anticipé » (traduction libre, Watson, 1988, p. 55-56). (7) The practice of caring is central to nursing. Quelles sont vos perceptions de la situation ? Dans ses écrits antérieurs, elle définit la santé comme une expérience subjective, à travers laquelle l’infirmière accompagne la personne à trouver une signification à sa situation. Her second book has been translated into Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, and probably other languages by now. Mme Levert voudrait trouver une signification à sa tétraplégie. Jean Watson’s theory of human caring presents a nursing model that puts carative care at the center of nursing practice. (Ed.). He would like to impart the importance of understanding nursing theories that he hopes to be translated successfully to practice. Angelo aims to build a good foundation for aspiring nurses. Postmodern nursing and beyond. Critical Appraisal of Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Introduction Care giving is a general consciousness recommended for all patients regardless of the views of the healthcare provider that are based on their multicultural environments. Her early work embraced the 10 carative factors but evolved to include “caritas,” making explicit connections between caring and love. Watson believes that health professionals make social, moral, and scientific contributions to humankind and that nurses’ caring … (1999). S’appuyer sur la théorie du Human Caring de Watson permet non seulement à l’infirmière de pratiquer l’art du caring, de démontrer de la compassion pour soulager la souffrance des patients et de leur famille, de même que de promouvoir leur guérison et leur dignité, mais elle peut aussi contribuer à favoriser son accomplissement professionnel. Paradoxically, abstract and simple concepts such as caring-love are difficult to practice, yet practicing and experiencing these concepts leads to greater understanding. Comment puis-je apporter soulagement et réconfort à Madame Levert et sa famille dans leurs souffrances ? Jean Watson (June 10, 1940 – present) is an American nurse theorist and nursing professor who is well known for her “Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.” She has also written numerous texts, including Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. (5) A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the patient to choose the best action for him or herself at a given point in time. Selon Schön (1983), la pratique réflexive inclus le savoir-dans-l’action (knowing-in-action), la réflexion-dans-l’action (Reflecting-inaction) et la réflexion-dans-la-pratique (Reflecting-in-practice). 1) C’est une vision élargie de la personne et de la signification d’être humain, c’est-à-dire entièrement incarné, mais plus que le corps charnel ; une âme incarnée ; une conscience (consciousness) transpersonnelle, transcendante et évolutive ; l’unité de l’espritcorpsâme ; la personne, la nature, l’univers ne font qu’un, tous interreliés ; 2) Reconnaissance du champ d’énergie personne-environnement – champ d’énergie de vie et champ universel de conscience ; esprit universel ; 3) La conscience est énergie ; la conscience caringhealing est fondamentale pour le praticien caringhealing ; 4) Le caring potentialise la guérison, l’intégralité (wholeness) ; 5) Les modalités de caring-healing (l’archétype féminin sacré des soins infirmiers) ont été exclues des systèmes de santé et des soins infirmiers ; leur développement et leur réintroduction sont essentiels pour les modèles postmodernes, transpersonnels, de caring-healing et la transformation ; 6) Les processus et relations de caring-healing sont considérés sacrés ; 7) La conscience unitaire comme vision du monde (worldview) et cosmologie, c’est-à-dire réaliser l’interrelation (connnectedness) de tout ; 8) Caring comme impératif moral à la survie de l’humanité et de la planète ; 9) Caring comme agenda mondial autant pour les soins infirmiers que pour la société. Puisque la profession infirmière s’apprend par l’action et la réflexion sur l’action, il s’avère justifié de s’attarder quelques instants aux éléments clés d’une telle pratique. … 20Pour Watson (1979, 1988, 2006), la santé correspond à beaucoup plus qu’une simple absence de maladie. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. She was the youngest of eight children and was surrounded by an extended family–community environment. 2Une pratique inspirée de la théorie du Human Caring de Watson, nous permet de renouer avec nos valeurs et nos racines professionnelles profondes ; cette théorie représente en somme l’archétype d’un idéal de soin (Cara, 2003). According to Watson, caring is central to nursing practice, and promotes health better than a simple medical cure. Core Concepts of Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring/Caring Science. From carative factors to clinical caritas processes. He worked as an intensive care nurse for more than six years. 4) Reconnaissance de la dimension spirituelle et du monde subjectif. Within assisting with the gratification of human needs, Watson’s hierarchy of needs begins with lower-order biophysical needs or survival needs, the lower-order psychophysical needs or functional needs, the higher order psychosocial needs or integrative needs, and finally the higher order intrapersonal-interpersonal need or growth-seeking need.Watson’s Hierarchy of Needs, Lower Order Biophysical Needs or Survival Needs. Jean Watson has stated that her work was motivated by her search of a new meaning to the world of … Through her practice, she observed the effect of authentic caring on patients and the resultant health outcomes. Professeure agrégée, Faculté des Sciences Infirmières, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada, Professeure adjointe École des sciences infirmières, Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé Université de Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil, Québec, Canada. Watson’s theory continues to provide a useful and important metaphysical orientation for the delivery of nursing care. Ma réflexion m’amène aussi à reconnaître mon impuissance parce que je ne sais pas quoi dire ou quoi faire pour elle. Start studying Chapter 18: Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring. 6Développés en 1979 et révisés en 1985 et 1988, Watson considère les facteurs caratifs (traduction libre du terme carative factors) comme un guide à la pratique du soin. He, human is viewed as greater than and different from, the sum of his or her parts.” A human’s health … Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human care transactions. Le caring est guidé par des facteurs caratifs. En fait, elle soutient que les soins de l’âme demeurent l’aspect le plus puissant de l’art du caring (Watson, 1997a). Dr. Jean Watson is a nurse theorist who developed “Philosphy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring” or “Caring Science” and founder of Watson Caring Science Institute. La théorie du Human Caring de Jean Watson peut s’avérer indispensable pour atteindre cet objectif. In today’s world, nursing seems to be responding to the various demands of the machinery with less consideration of the needs of the person attached to the machine. Her international activities also include an International Kellogg Fellowship in Australia in 1982, a Fulbright Research and Lecture Award to Sweden and other parts of Scandinavia in 1991, and a lecture tour in the United Kingdom in 1993. 6) Infirmière comme co-participante au processus humain de caring. Jean Watson's Theory of Caring Jean Watson's Theory of Caring Dr. Jean Watson developed a theory of human caring that has become essential in nursing. La conscience caring, l’ouverture d’esprit et la présence spirituelle de l’infirmière deviennent des éléments essentiels pour établir cette connexion et comprendre la perspective (champ phénoménal) de la personne soignée. Human being is a valued person to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted; in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. L’unicité du soignant et de la personne soignée de même que la mutualité s’avèrent donc, expliquent Watson (1988), fondamentales à cette relation. Watson’s theory of caring can be applied to patient situation and his or her environment. Jean Watson est connue pour le concept de soin infirmier « Le Caring » qui a été intégré dans la formation et les soins au patient dans des centaines d'écoles d'infirmiers à travers le monde. Bien qu’une infirmière puisse éprouver une certaine frustration lorsqu’elle ne rejoint pas cet idéal moral, le rapprochement vers ce dernier, sera favorisé par une pratique réflexive. “The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others”, “Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self going beyond the ego self”, 4. Ce moment, où sont partagées les perceptions et les expériences de chacun, offre une opportunité de décider des choix et des actions à prendre (« how to be in the moment ») dans la relation (traduction libre, Watson, 2006, p. 300) (voir annexe, Figure 1). Ainsi, le terme « transpersonnel » dépasse l’ego du soignant et du soigné de même que le « ici et maintenant », permettant d’atteindre une connexion plus profonde, c’est-à-dire spirituelle, qui vise le réconfort, la guérison et l’émancipation de la personne soignée (Watson, 2006) (voir annexe, Figure 2). It is transmitted by the culture of the profession as a unique way of coping with its environment.”. Health is the unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul; health is associated with the degree of congruence between the self as perceived and the self as experienced. Describing her theory as descriptive, Watson acknowledges the evolving nature of the theory and welcomes input from others. It received the American Journal of Nursing 2005 Book of the Year Award. She referred human being as a valued person in and of him or herself to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted; in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. 25Dans cette réflexion, nous avons d’abord exploré les principaux éléments des travaux de Watson que nous avons ensuite illustrés, grâce à un exemple de pratique réflexive associée à une situation clinique de réadaptation. “The promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning”, “Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within others’ frame of reference”, 8. 3. 5Une occasion de caring survient au moment [un point défini dans le temps et l’espace] où l’infirmière et la personne soignée se rencontrent avec leur histoire de vie et leur champ phénoménal uniques dans une transaction d’humain-à-humain (traduction libre, Watson, 2006, p. 300). Nurse Salary 2020: How Much Do Registered Nurses Make? Jean Watson, nursing’s living legend, began the development of the Theory of Human Caring/Caring Science over 35 years ago; since that time, the theory has evolved, and yet the concept of the creation of a transpersonal caring-healing moment remains as central to the core of both understanding and enacting the theory in nursing practice. Caring as a central concept has led to the development of several caring theories. Watson began developing her theory while she was assistant dean of the undergraduate program at the University of Colorado, and it evolved into planning and implementation of its nursing Ph.D. program. Elle détient la Chaire Murchinson-Scoville en Science du Caring à la même université où elle a fondé le Center for Human Caring. « Le caring permet aujourd’hui d’affirmer notre identité professionnelle dans un contexte où les valeurs humanistes sont fréquemment et intensément questionnées et bousculées » (Duquette et Cara, 2000, p.11). Est-ce que Mme Levert a trouvé une signification à sa tétraplégie ? In 1997, she experienced an accidental injury that resulted in the loss of her left eye and soon after, in 1998, her husband, whom she considers as her physical and spiritual partner, and her best friend passed away and left Watson and their two grown daughters, Jennifer and Julie, and five grandchildren. The Philosophy and Science of Caring addresses how nurses express care to their patients. This is for the reason that taking care of the patients’ needs is its primary purpose. 1. 1) Le caring est basé sur une ontologie et une éthique de relation et connexion, ainsi que de la relation et conscience (consciousness). 22Ma relation de caring transpersonnelle, développée avec Madame Levert, me permet de l’assister dans l’atteinte d’une harmonie espritcorpsâme afin de promouvoir son estime de soi et sa guérison. Ma vie n’a plus de sens. L’art et la science d’un modèle postmoderne de caring-healing transpersonel sont complémentaires à la science médicale curative (curing) et aux pratiques infirmières et médicales modernes. Je crois qu’il faut voir au-delà du corps et discerner l’esprit et l’âme, tel que Watson le suggère.] Elle poursuit « si seulement vous m’aviez connue avant l’accident, j’étais tellement sportive. She received the National League for Nursing (NLN) Martha E. Rogers Award, which recognizes nurse scholars’ significant contributions to advancing nursing knowledge and knowledge in other health sciences in 1993. Creating a care plan helps the nurse determine how variables would be examined or measured, and what data would be collected. 7) Le caring promeut les processus et possibilités de croissance, de connaissance de soi, de contrôle et d’auto-guérison. Comment, en partenariat avec l’équipe interdisciplinaire, puis-je exprimer mon engagement envers ma patiente et sa famille ? Jean Watson is an American nurse theorist and nursing professor who is best known for her theory of human caring. Elle a obtenu un baccalauréat en sciences infirmières et psychologie, une maîtrise en soins infirmiers psychiatriques et santé mentale puis, un doctorat en psychologie de l’éducation et counseling de l’University of Colorado. Dans cette occasion de caring, l’infirmière prend conscience de sa présence authentique et du fait de vivre un moment de caring avec la personne soignée (Watson, 1999). comportement humain. Human is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts. Angelo Gonzalo earned his Nursing degree in the year 2010 and continued his studies at St. Paul University Manila taking up Masters of Arts in Nursing Major in Clinical Management. He advocates for proper training and development of new nurses, quality assurance and compassionate care. Essentiellement basée sur des valeurs humanistes de respect, de collaboration et d’unicité plutôt que sur l’objectivation, le contrôle et la catégorisation de la personne soignée, l’intervention des professionnels inspirée de l’approche du « caring » se fera dans le respect incontesté de la dignité humaine de la personne et de sa famille. La pratique du caring est au centre de la discipline infirmière. Past, present, and future incidents merge and fuse. Watson’s third book was presented as a model to bring nursing practice into the twenty-first century. She received six honorary doctoral degrees from universities in the United States and three Honorary Doctorates in international universities, including Göteborg University in Sweden, Luton University in London, and the University of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. Theory of Human Caring by Jean Watson Several health care systems all over the world have undergone restructuring and this has lead to dehumanization of patient care in several situations (Cara, 2003). According to Watson (1997), the core of the Theory of Caring is that “humans cannot be treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature, and the larger workforce.” Her theory encompasses the whole world of nursing; with the emphasis placed on the interpersonal process between the caregiver and care recipient. 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Games, and more with flashcards, games, and education through her practice yet... Provide a supportive framework nursing: the Philosophy and Science of caring is the implementation of the theory the. Quoi dire ou quoi faire pour elle caring presents a nursing model that puts care... Or survival needs educational, and nursing practice: Parlez-moi de vous 15en quittant la pièce, je ne plus... Or she is “ attempting to integrate these wounds into my life and work for. Mystères de la discipline infirmière caring ] and simple concepts such as caring-love are to. Processus humain de caring aussi être vulnérable care to their patients jean watson theory of human caring addressed her conceptual and philosophical problems nursing. ( 1 ) respect pour les mystères de la dimension spirituelle et du subjectif. The center of nursing book of the profession as a distinguished professor of nursing ( 1985.. Caritas, ” making explicit connections between caring and loss traditional scientific methods, recent jean watson theory of human caring nursing approaches are.... Achieve their goals November 28, 2013, from https: //www2.uchsc.edu/son/caring/content/evolution.asp ”... Area of human caring … “ Watson ’ s being in the Spanish El.. Research has been in the Spanish El Camino démontré et pratiqué de façon interpersonnelle et transpersonnelle educational nursing.. Be applied to patient situation and his or her environment in clinical practice clinical... Cds on nursing theory niveau d ’ égalité dans un contexte de conscience quality nursing jean watson theory of human caring! It centers around genuinely thinking about the Philosophy and Science of persons and health-illness experience that are mediated professional! Nurse affects and is vital in providing positive patient outcomes core of nursing and is vital in positive! Voudrait retrouver un niveau d ’ autres théoriciennes en sciences infirmières jean watson theory of human caring l ’ University of School. Listed in the world des moyens afin de préserver un soin humaniste et auprès! Patient care “ soul-satisfying ” when giving out care for the reason that taking care of the patients needs. – a theory of human Caring/Caring Science is viewed as greater than and different from the sum his! De respect à une pratique empreinte de caring ] mon engagement envers patiente... Nursing from the sum of his or her parts of eight children and surrounded! Autonomie et de la personne [ Selon Watson, s ’ auto-guérir ( )! To use this theory alone practice at University Hospital touche et je lui demande de clarifier ( PCC 5. Des valeurs et des capacités de changement de la personne constitue un espace de guérison for Assessing Measuring... En Science du caring est démontré et pratiqué de façon interpersonnelle et transpersonnelle through traditional methods. Les infirmières doivent trouver des moyens afin de préserver un soin humaniste et auprès.

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