Kalibangan was therefore probably engaged in the importation of copper and copper artifacts from the Aravallis from the Early Indus period onward. The trading system had a great contribution towards the social and economic life of Indus Valley Civilization. City workers made such things as pots, beads and cotton cloth. Such foragers are difficult to identify or distinguish archaeologically from other Harappans. Foodstuffs were nevertheless transported between different regions of the Indus realm- The vast majority have left no trace, but date stones at Mohenjodaro and the bones of dried marine fish at Harappa provide tangible evidence that this occurred. Masonry well at Allahdino may have been used for irrigation. In some cases the platform may have had permanent sidepieces but many just had holes into which wooden stakes could be slotted when required to form sides supporting a load. Land transport over long distances probably generally employed pack animals, though small valuable commodities could be carried by people on foot. While small quantities of precious commodities like lapis lazuli or obsidian were easily moved over long distances, the transport of relatively low-value, high-bulk goods, of which timber is an excellent example, is likely to be undertaken only in the context of a well-developed trading network, between roughly equal partners, and for substantial profits. Advancement in technology led to carts and early boats that were used as the main method of trade and travel. Animals were taken at certain times of year to graze on the expanses of seasonal pastures in Gujarat and Punjab and in the uplands of Baluchistan. Sumer, its southern region, saw the development in the early third millennium of city- states along the branches of the Euphrates. This name probably referred to different areas of the Gulf at different times. 3200-2700 BC, and Umm an-Nar period, ca. During the Mature Harappan period, when the Harappans dominated the Makran coastal region, the volume of this Iran-Magan trade became negligible. Today this is around 8,000 hectares in extent. Umm-an-Nar, situated on an island just off the western coast of Magan, was a major trading entrepot. The Sumerians may also have penetrated the interior in this period. The Indo-Iranian borderlands had been culturally integrated with the Indus Basin during the Early Harappan and preceding periods, but major changes had occurred with the cultural unification of the Indus civilization. At that time the waters of the Gulf extended much farther north than today, and the city of Ur lay near the sea. There is evidence, however, of the widespread cultivation of a species of Brassica, brown mustard (Indian rape), and of gourds in the Mature Harappan period, and later of ivy gourd, while okras were grown at Balathal in the neighboring Ahar-Banas region. The economy of the Indus River Valley Civilization was based on farming. Fruits such as jujube, almond, and pistachio were gathered. Most of the major settlements were linked by a network of waterways that were navigable for at least part of the year. Oats (Avena sp.) Among the important resources of this region was salt, from the Salt Range where a Late Kot Diji settlement is known at Musakhel. They send the merchandise from Lothal. Their wealth was based on a subsistence economy of wheat and barley. The Indus Valley civilisation was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Elam and Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Traders and craftsmen used the trade routes to bring raw materials into the towns and cities, this is where they were turned into jewelry, pottery, and metal ware. History, India, Ancient Period, Civilizations, Indus Civilization, Economy of the Indus Civilization. Indus Valley Civilization was one of those early urban civilizations that were originated in 2300 BC which was developed in the river basins of Sutlej, Ravi, and Indus. Wells and reservoirs also supported the inhabitants of Dholavira on Khadir Island in the Great Rann. At the head of the Gulf lay Mesopotamia. The island is blessed with springs of freshwater that also bubble up offshore, and it has fine natural harbours, including one at Qala’at al-Bahrain. , Indus civilization, economy of the Gulf widely available tin indus valley civilization trade and economy not known in ancient.. Indus lapis trade rice, dates, which came to play a major role in in... 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